Dr. Steve Lupker

Spinelli, G. & Lupker, S. J. (2021). Proactive control in the Stroop task: A conflict-frequency manipulation free of item-specific, contingency-learning, and color-word correlation confounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47, 1550-1562.

Yang, H., Hino, Y., Chen, J., Yoshihara, M., Nakayama, M., Xue, J. & Lupker, S. J. (2021). The origins of backward priming effects in logographic scripts for four-character words. Journal of Memory and Language, 113.

McPhedran, M. J. & Lupker, S. J. (2021). L2-L1 noncognate masked translation priming as a task-specific phenomenon. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24, 507-523.

Yang, H., Yoshihara, M., Nakayama, M., Spinelli, G. & Lupker, S. J. (2021). Phonological priming effects with same-script primes and targets in the masked priming same-different task. Memory & Cognition, 49, 148-162.

Yoshihara, M, Nakayama, M, Verdonschot, R.G., Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (2021). Orthographic properties of the distractors do influence phonological Stroop effects: Evidence from Japanese Romaji distractors. Memory & Cognition, 49, 600-612.

Yang, H., Jared, D., Perea, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2021). Is letter position coding when reading in L2 affected by the nature of position coding used when bilinguals read in their L1? Memory & Cognition, 49, 771-786.

Colombo, L., Spinelli, G. & Lupker, S. J. (2020). The impact of consonant-vowel transpositions on masked priming effects in Italian and English. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73, 183-198.

Spinelli, G. & Lupker, S. J. (2020). Item-specific control of attention in the Stroop task: Contingency learning is not the whole story in the item-specific proportion-congruent effect. Memory & Cognition, 48, 426-435.

Yang, H. & Lupker, S. J. (2020). A re-examination of consonant-vowel differences in masked transposed letter priming effects in the lexical decision task. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/ Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 74, 92-110.

Taikh, A. & Lupker, S. J. (2020). Do visible semantic primes pre-activate lexical representations? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46, 1533-1569.

Spinelli, G., Krishna, K., Perry, J. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2020). Working memory load dissociates contingency learning and item-specific proportion-congruent effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46, 2007-2033.

Lupker, S. J., Spinelli, G. & Davis, C. J. (2020). Is zjudge a better prime for JUDGE than zudge is?: A new evaluation of current orthographic coding models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 46, 1252-1266.

Lupker, S. J., Spinelli, G. & Davis, C. J. (2020). Masked form priming as a function of letter position: An evaluation of current orthographic coding models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46, 2349-2366.

Yang, H., Chen, J., Spinelli, G. & Lupker, S. J. (2019). The impact of text orientation on form priming effects in four-character Chinese words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45, 1511-1526.

Yang, H. & Lupker, S. J. (2019). Does letter rotation decrease transposed letter priming effects? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45, 2309-2318.

Spinelli, G., Perry, J. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2019). Adaptation to conflict frequency without contingency and temporal learning: Evidence from the picture-word interference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45, 995-1014.

Nakayama, M., Lupker, S. J. & Itaguchi, Y. (2018). An examination of L2-L1 noncognate translation priming in the lexical decision task: Insights from distributional and frequency-based analyses. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21, 265-277.

Nakayama, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2018). Is there lexical competition in the recognition of L2 words for different-script bilinguals? An examination using masked priming with Japanese-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44, 1168-1185.

Lupker, S. J., Nakayama, M. & Yoshihara, M. (2018). Phonologically-based priming in the same-different task with L1 readers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44, 1317-1324.

Perea, M., Nakayama, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2017). Alternating-script priming in Japanese: Are Katakana and Hiragana characters interchangeable? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43, 1140-1146.

Davis, C. J. & Lupker, S. J. (2017). A backwards glance at words: Using reversed-interior masked primes to test models of visual word identification. PLoS One. 12(12): e0189056.

Hino, Y., Kusunose, Y., Miyamura, S. & Lupker, S. J.  (2017).  Phonological-orthographic consistency for Japanese words and its impact on visual and auditory word recognition.  Journal of Experimental Psychology:  Human Perception and Performance, 43, 126-146.

Nakayama, M., Ida, K. & Lupker, S. J.  (2016).  Cross-script L2-L1 noncognate translation priming in lexical decision depends on L2 proficiency: Evidence from Japanese-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 1001-1022.

Kusunose, Y., Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J.  (2016).  Masked semantic priming effects from the prime’s orthographic neighbors.  Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 28, 275-296.

Jouravlev, O. & Lupker, S. J. (2015). Lexical Stress assignment as a problem of probabilistic inference. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 1174-1192

Jouravlev, O. & Lupker, S. J. (2015). Predicting stress patterns in an unpredictable stress language: The use of non-lexical sources of evidence for stress assignment in Russian. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27, 944-966.

Lupker, S. J., Nakayama, M. & Perea, M.  (2015). Is there phonologically-based priming in the same-different task? Evidence from Japanese-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41, 1281-1299.

Lupker, S. J., Perea, M. & Nakayama, M. (2015). Noncognate translation priming effects in the same-different task:  Evidence for the impact of “higher-level” information. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30, 781-795.

Ida, K., Nakayama, M. & Lupker, S. J.  (2015).  The functional phonological unit of Japanese-English bilinguals is language dependent: Evidence from masked onset and mora priming effects.  Japanese Psychological Research, 57, 38-49.

Lupker, S. J.  (2015).  CSBBCS at Ryerson University and the embodied cognition debate.  Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 157-158.  

Lupker, S. J., Zhang, Y., Perry, J. R. & Davis, C. J.  (2015).  Superset versus substitution-letter priming:  An evaluation of open-bigram models.  Journal of Experimental Psychology:  Human Perception and Performance, 41, 138-151.

Jouravlev, O., Lupker, S. J. & Jared, D.  (2014).  Cross-language phonological activation: Evidence from masked onset priming and ERPs.  Brain & Language, 134, 11-22.

Nakayama, M., Verdonschot, R.G., Sears, C. R. & Lupker, S. J.  (2014).  The masked cognate translation priming effect for different-script bilinguals is modulated by the phonological similarity of cognate words: Further support for the phonological account.  Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26, 714-724.

Adelman, J. S., Johnson, R. L., McCormick, S.F., McKague, M., Kinoshita, S., Bowers, J. S., Perry, J. R., Lupker, S. J., Forster, K. I., Cortese, M. J., Scaltritti, M., Aschenbrenner, A. J., Coane, J. H., White, L., Yap, M. J., Davis, C., Kim, J. & Davis, C. J. (2014). A behavioral database for masked form priming. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 1052-1067.

Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (2014). Do masked orthographic neighbor primes facilitate or inhibit processing of Kanji compound words? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 813-840.

Jouravlev, O. & Lupker, S. J. (2014). Stress consistency and stress regularity effects in Russian. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29, 605-619.

Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (2013). Masked translation priming with Japanese-English bilinguals: Interactions between cognate status, target frequency, and L2 proficiency. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 949-981.

Crepaldi, D., Rastle, K., Davis, C. J. & Lupker, S. J. (2013). Seeing stems everywhere: Position-independent identification of stem morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39, 510-525.

Hino, Y., Kusunose, Y., Lupker, S. J. & Jared, D. (2013). The processing advantage and disadvantage for homophones in lexical decision tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 529-551.

Hino, Y., Lupker, S. J. & Taylor, T. E. (2012). The role of orthography in the semantic activation of neighbors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 1259-1273.

Lupker, S. J., Acha, J., Davis, C. J. & Perea, M. (2012). An investigation of the role of grapheme units in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 1491-1516.

Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (2012). Cross-script phonological priming for Japanese-English bilinguals: Evidence for integrated phonological representations. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 1563-1583.

Stinchcombe, E. J., Lupker, S. J. & Davis, C. J. (2012). Transposed-letter priming effects with masked subset primes: A re-examination of the "Relative position priming constraint". Language and Cognitive Processes, 27, 475-499.

Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2011). Lexical competition in a non-Roman, syllabic script: An inhibitory neighbor priming effect in Japanese Katakana. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 1136-1160.

Hino, Y., Miyamura, S. & Lupker, S. J. (2011). The nature of orthographic-phonological and orthographic-semantic relationships for Japanese Kana and Kanji words. Behavior Research Methods, (DOI) 10.3758/s13428-011-0101-0, 43, 1110-1151.

Perry, J. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2010). A prospective view on the impact of prime validity on response speed and selection in the arrow classification task with free choice trials. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72, 528-537.

Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2010). Testing for lexical competition during reading: Fast priming with orthographic neighbors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 477-492.

Lupker, S. J. & Pexman, P. M. (2010). Making things difficult in lexical decision: The impact of pseudohomophones and transposed-letter nonwords on frequency and semantic priming effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1267-1289.

Hino, Y., Kusunose, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (2010). The relatedness-of-meaning effect in lexical decision tasks: When does relatedness matter? Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 180-196.

Seligman, C., Lupker, S. J. & Mueller, J. H. (2009). Dissenting voices on accreditation. Protecting Human Subjects, 17, 9-11.

Lupker, S. J. & Davis, C. J. (2009). Sandwich priming: A method for overcoming the limitations of masked priming by reducing lexical competitor effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 618-639.

Grondin, R., Lupker, S. J. & McRae, K. (2009). Shared features dominate semantic richness effects for concrete concepts. Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 1-19.

Lupker, S. J., Perea, M & Davis, C. M. (2008). Transposed-letter effects: Consonants, vowels and letter frequency. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 93-116.

Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2008). Masked priming with orthographic neighbors: A test of the lexical competition assumption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1236-1260.

Perry, J. R., Lupker, S. J. & Davis, C. J. (2008). An evaluation of the interactive-activation model using masked partial-word priming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 36-68.

Kinoshita, S. & Lupker, S. J. (2007). Switch costs when reading aloud words and nonwords: Evidence for shifting route emphasis? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 449-454.

Lupker, S. J. (2007). Representation and processing of lexically ambiguous words. In G. Gaskell G. Altmann, P. Bloom, A. Caramazza & P. Levelt (Eds.) Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics (p. 159-174). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Perea, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2007). La posición de las letras externas en el reconocimiento visual de palabras. Psicothema, 19, 559-564.

Taylor T. E. & Lupker, S. J. (2007). Sequential effects in time perception. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 70-74.

Pexman, P. M., Lupker, S. J. & Hino, Y. (2007). Cross-modal repetition priming with homophones provides clues about representation in the word recognition system. The Mental Lexicon, 2, 183-214.

Davis, C. J. & Lupker, S. J. (2006). Masked inhibitory priming in English: Evidence for lexical inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 668-687.

Grondin, R., Lupker, S. J. & McRae, K. (2006). Shared features dominate the number-of-features effect. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1400-1405). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hino, Y., Pexman, P. M. & Lupker, S. J. (2006). Ambiguity and relatedness effects in semantic tasks: Are they due to semantic coding? Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 247-273.

Sears, C. R., Sharp, C. R. & Lupker, S. J. (2006). Is there a neighborhood frequency effect in English? Evidence from reading and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1040-1062.

Taylor, T. E. & Lupker, S. J. (2006). Time perception and word recognition: An elaboration of the time-criterion account. Perception & Psychophysics, 68, 933-945.

Lupker, S. J. Visual word recognition: Theories and Findings . (2005). In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.) The science of reading: A handbook (pp. 39-60). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Kinoshita, S., Lupker, S. J., & Rastle, K. (2004). Modulation of Regularity and Lexicality Effects in Reading Aloud. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1255-1264.

Perea, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2004). Can caniso activate casino? Transposed letter similarity effects with nonadjacent letter positions. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 231-246.

Pexman, P. M., Hino, Y., & Lupker, S. J. (2004). Semantic ambiguity and the process of generating meaning from print. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1252-1270.

Chateau, D. & Lupker, S. J. (2003). Strategic effects in word naming: Examining the route-emphasis versus time-criterion accounts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 139-151.

Hino, Y., Lupker, S. J., Ogawa, T., & Sears, C. R. (2003). Masked repetition priming and word frequency effects across different types of Japanese scripts: An examination of the lexical activation account. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 33-66.

Perea, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2003). Transposed letter confusability effects in masked form priming. In S. Kinoshita and S. J. Lupker (Eds.) Masked priming: State of the art (pp. 97-120). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Kinoshita, S. & Lupker, S. J. (Eds.) (2003). Masked priming: State of the art. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Kinoshita, S. & Lupker, S. J. (2003). Priming and attentional control of lexical and sublexical pathways in naming: A re-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition, 29, 405-415.

Lupker, S. J., Kinoshita, S. Coltheart, M., & Taylor, T. E. (2003). Mixing costs and mixing benefits in naming words, pictures and sums. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 556-575.

Perea, M. & Lupker, S. J. (2003). Does judge activate COURT? Transposed-letter similarity effects in masked associative priming. Memory & Cognition, 31, 829-841.

Rastle, K., Kinoshita, S., Lupker, S. J., & Coltheart, M. (2003). Cross-task strategic effects. Memory & Cognition, 31, 867-876.

Hino, Y., Lupker, S. J., & Pexman, P. M. (2002). Ambiguity and synonymy effects in lexical decision, naming and semantic categorization tasks: Interactions between orthography, phonology, and semantics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 686-713.

Pexman, P. M., Lupker, S. J., & Hino, Y. (2002). The impact of feedback semantics in visual word recognition: Number of features effects in lexical decision and naming tasks. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 542-549.

Pexman, P. M., Lupker, S. J., & Reggin, L. D. (2002). Phonological effects in visual word recognition: Investigating the impact of feedback phonology in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 572-584.

Siakaluk, P. D., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J. (2002). Orthographic neighborhood effects in lexical decision: The effects of nonword orthographic neighborhood size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 661-681.

Kinoshita, S. & Lupker, S. J. (2002). Effects of filler type in naming: Change in time criterion or attentional control of pathways? Memory & Cognition, 30, 1277-1287.

Pexman, P. M., Lupker, S. J., & Jared, D. (2001). Homophone effects in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 139-156.

Taylor, T. E. & Lupker, S. J. (2001). Sequential effects in naming: A time-criterion account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 117-138.

Pexman, P. M., Lupker, S. J., & Hino, Y. (2001). The impact of feedback semantics in visual word recognition: Number of features effects in lexical decision and naming tasks. In Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 768-773). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

de Groot, A. M. B., Delmaar, P., & Lupker, S. J. (2000). The processing of interlexical homographs in translation recognition and lexical decision: Support for nonselective access to bilingual memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 397-428.

Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (2000). The effects of word frequency and spelling-to-sound regularity in naming with and without preceding lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 166-183.

Rouibah, A., Tiberghein, G. & Lupker, S. J. (1999). Phonological and semantic priming: Evidence for task independent effects. Memory & Cognition, 27, 422-437.

Sears, C. R., Lupker, S. J. & Hino, Y. (1999). Orthographic neighborhood effects in perceptual identification and semantic categorization tasks: A test of the multiple read-out model. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 1537-1554.

Pexman, P. M., Cristi, C. & Lupker, S. J. (1999). Facilitation and inhibition from formally similar words in a naming task. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 195-229.

Sears, C. R., Hino, Y., & Lupker, S. J. (1999). Orthographic neighbourhood effects in parallel distributed processing models. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 220-230.

Pexman, P. M. & Lupker, S. J. (1999). Ambiguity and visual word recognition: Can feedback explain both homophone and polysemy effects? Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 323-334.

Hino, Y. Lupker, S. J., Sears, C. R. & Ogawa, T. (1998). The effects of polysemy for Japanese katakana words. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10, 395-424.

Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (1998). The effects of word frequency for Japanese kana and kanji words in naming and lexical decision: Can the dual-route model save the lexical-selection account? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1431-1453.

Pexman, P. M. & Lupker, S. J. (1998). Word naming and memory load: Still searching for an individual differences explanation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 803-821.

Lupker, S. J., Brown, P. & Colombo, L. (1997). Strategic control in a naming task: Changing routes or changing deadlines? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 570-590.

Hino, Y., Lupker, S. J. & Sears, C. R. (1997). The effects of word association and meaning frequency in a cross-model lexical decision task: Is the priming due to “semantic” activation? Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 195-211.

Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (1996). Effects of polysemy in lexical decision and naming: An alternative to lexical access accounts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1331-1356.

Pexman, P. M. & Lupker, S. J. (1995). Effects of memory load in a word naming task: Five failures to replicate. Memory & Cognition, 23, 581-595.

Sears, C. R., Hino, Y. & Lupker, S. J. (1995). Neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency effects in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 876-900.

Brodeur, D. A. & Lupker, S. J. (1994). Investigating the effects of multiple primes: An analysis of theoretical mechanisms. Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung, 57, 1-14.

Lupker, S. J. & Colombo, L. (1994). Inhibitory effects in form priming: Evaluating a phonological competition explanation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 437-450.

Brown, P., Lupker, S. J. & Colombo, L. (1994). Sources of information in word naming: A study of individual differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 537-554.

Humphrey, G. K. & Lupker, S. J. (1993). Codes and operations in picture matching. Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung, 55, 237-247.

Lupker, S. J., Harbluk, J. L. & Patrick, A. S. (1991). Memory for things forgotten. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 897-907.

Lupker, S. J. & Williams, B. A. (1989). Rhyme priming of pictures and words: A lexical activation account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1033-1046.

Lupker, S. J., Fleet, G. J. & Shelton, B. R. (1988). Callers' perceptions of post-dialling delays: The effects of a new signalling technology. Behaviour and Information Technology, 7, 263-274.

Lupker, S. J. (1988). Picture naming: An investigation of the nature of categorical priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 444-455.

Lupker, S. J. (1986). Conscious identification: Where do you draw the line? The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 9, 37-38.

Lupker, S. J. (1985). Relatedness effects in word and picture naming: Parallels, differences and structural implications. In A. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the Psychology of Language Vol. 1 (pp. 109-142), London: Erlbaum.

Lupker, S. J. (1984). Semantic priming without association: A second look. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 709-733.

Irwin, D. I. & Lupker, S. J. (1983). Semantic priming of pictures and words: A levels of processing approach. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 45-60.

Lupker, S. J. & Sanders, M. (1982). Visual-field differences in picture-word interference. Brain and Cognition, 1, 381-398.

Lupker, S. J. & Katz, A. N. (1982). Can automatic picture processing influence word judgments? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 418-434.

Lupker, S. J. (1982). The role of phonetic and orthographic similarity in picture-word interference. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 349-367.

Lupker, S. J. & Katz, A. N. (1982). S-R compatibility effects: Do we need a new theory? Perception & Psychophysics, 31, 97-99.

Lupker, S. J. & Katz, A. N. (1981). Input, decision and response factors in picture-word interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 269-282.

Lupker, S. J. (1979).The semantic nature of response competition in the picture-word interference task. Memory & Cognition, 7, 485-495.

Lupker, S. J. (1979). On the nature of perceptual information during letter perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 303-312.

Lupker, S. J. & Massaro, D. W. (1979). Selective perception without confounding contributions of decision and memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 60-69.

Lupker, S. J. & Theios, J. (1977). Further tests of a two-state model for choice reaction times. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 496-504.